The Portrayal Of The Movie Boyz N The Hood - 1165 Words

The portrayal of crimes in all various forms of media are mostly exaggerated and tend to overstay there welcome. When a crime gets reported on the news or any other media they tend to focus on violent crimes only. Most focus sole on crimes in poor neighborhoods and only on certain race and genders. When a crime is portrayed in movies or in video games it is usually unrealistic and tend to be blown out of proportion for the viewers to get them hooked. Once in a while there are good types of media that can correctly describe crimes. Boyz n the Hood is a story about a group of friends who have to struggle and cope to live in the hard streets of Crenshaw, located in Los Angeles. In the film their friend gets killed by a group of blood members and they seek revenge at the end of the film by killing the culprits cold-bloodedly with an AK-47. There are numerous theories described in the books and modules that can help explain why the characters in the film committed the murder and crimes de picted in the film. I think this movie depicts crime and the neighborhood where it is committed very well. It shows the struggles that people must live through when they grow up around those rural areas. The film has two characters who each show a different outcome and picture of how the people around us can change and influence what we do and how we end up. One theory that can explain the final scene in the movie in which the character Doughboy kills the three members of the bloods is theShow MoreRelatedThe Film Boyz n the Hood and the Novel Way Past Cool: A Comparative Analysis720 Words   |  3 Pagescharacters, the film Boyz N the Hood and the novel Way Past Cool share a number of things in common. The 1991 John Singleton movie Boyz N the Hood depicts life on the streets in south-central Los Angeles, which is the turf of infamous rival gangs the Bloods and the Crips. The gangs, their philosophies, their methods, and their members are portrayed with remarkable insight and sensit ivity in the movie Boyz N the Hood. Similarly, in Way Past Cool, Jess Mowry offers a complex portrayal of gang life forRead MoreResponse to Boyz N the Hood Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesAmad Elia CIN 303 Response to Boyz N the Hood and Review by Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times The more times I viewed this film, the more I became captivated by the poignant message Singleton is trying to convey in Boyz N the Hood. The poignant message is the impact that a father has on a young urban African American individual living in the ghetto and subsequently the impact of being fatherless in the ghetto. In fact Boyz N the Hood includes, among many social topics, aRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1654 Words   |  7 Pagesharmful stereotypes to challenging them and there has been an ongoing process to stop these stereotypes from seeping into public awareness. Films from the 1930’s to the 1960 have typically showed blacks in stereotypical ways. A good example would be the movie Hearts of Dixie (1929), starring Stepin Fetchit. Fetchit was a black actor who played various usually demeaning roles throughout his career. Although he was an amazing actor, all of the films that he stared in made African-Americans look lazy, foolishRead MoreEssay on Taking a Look at African-American Cinema1543 Words   |  7 Pagesin the 1980s with directors like Robert Townsend and Spike Lee. These directors helped enable black cinema to expand in the 90s with the creation of works ranging in brutal but honest portrayal of urban life to that of comedy. By analyzing Spike Lees film Bamboozled, director John Singletons Boyz in The Hood, and movies like Coming to America and House Party indicate that the experiences of African Americans and the way that they are depicted in cinema directly impacts the way mainstream societyRead MoreFilm Analysis of Boyz in the Hood Essay example2165 Words   |  9 Pagesquestion will almost feel almost like a death sentence. Nobody wants anyone to judge them before they even go through life on what they will end up being. In the movie â€Å"Boyz in the Hood† director John Singleton, paints a clear image of the problems that happen very often in the African American communities. The movie deals with issues such as: the importance of a father in a young man’s life, the ongoing violence of black on black crime, and how black people are put in situations whereRead MoreBlack Culture And The Black Experience1943 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican American actors, directors, writers, and producers. In all, the ways in which the motion picture industry has portrayed African Americans over the vast majority of the 20th century have evolved in a more positive direction; nevertheless, these portrayals have continued to be fought with controversial images and stereotypical messages. White Washing and the White Savior In film the white savior narrative is when the white character saves the person of color from their troubles. A White Savior filmRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Training Day 1316 Words   |  6 PagesAntoine Fuqua’s, Training Day (2001) is an intense movie that follows a rookie police officer Jake Hoyt (Ethan Hawke), whose dream in life is to become an elite narcotics agent for the LAPD. But before landing this difficult job, Hoyt must prove his worth. Enter the ultimate badass, thirteen-year veteran Detective Sergeant Alonzo Harris (Denzel Washington), who accepts to test Hoyts capabilities by riding with him for a day around the cruel streets of South-Central Los Angeles. This is a crime thrillerRead MorePortrayal Of African Americans During The Film The Silent Black And White Movies 2012 Words   |  9 Pagessome sort of prejudice towards an ethnic group. A perfect example is that of the portrayal of races through stereotypes in American films that are being made and sol d to the public. Since the beginning of the silent black and white movies there have been stereotypes that misrepresent ethnic groups, such as the negative portrayal of African-Americans in minstrel shows. Although these extreme negative racist portrayals have ended, the film industry still insists on adding stereotypes that negativelyRead MoreRacial Identity And Its Impact On Society1916 Words   |  8 Pagesdangerous in film is a setback for our culture and a denial of equality between races. For many years, film has been shown to represent the thoughts and customs of our society. Most of the time you can tell when the movie was made based on the content and dialogue used in the film. The portrayal of African Americans in film is one of the most brought up topics when discussing racial identity in film. This racial identity has been the most noticed within our culture because of the change in our cultureRead MorePortrayal And Demeanor Of African American Women On Television3281 Words   |  14 PagesSamuels (2011) analyzes different television shows in an attempt to draw the conclusion of the portrayal and demeanor of African American women on television. Using current African American dominated shows that attract viewers such as â€Å"Love and Hip Hop†, â€Å"Real House Wives† and â€Å"The Bad Girls Club†, Samuels came to the conclusion that these shows use black women to justify the stereotype of the â€Å"angry black woman†. Although Dona ld Trump’s show â€Å"Celebrity Apprentice† is not an African American dominated

Ajdar Foral. Paul Saghbini. English 102. 13 March 2017-.

Ajdar Foral Paul Saghbini English 102 13 March 2017- Toshiba and Apple laptops The evolution of technology was related to the evolution of mankind’s intelligence. Laptop is an essential part of this technology and laptops witnessed a remarkable evolution. Apple has announced a brand new design for its MacBook Pro family of devices, coming in 13 and 15-inch models on 29 October. Toshiba satellite (L75-C7234) and Apple MacBook are the best laptops nowadays, but to buy a laptop it depends on the customer choice about some features like the operating system, battery life and the screen. Apple and Toshiba laptops are modern. These laptops are special, they differ by some specifications as their operating system. An operating system is a†¦show more content†¦Apple’s battery is a long-lasting battery life it lasts a minimum of 10 hours â€Å"Apple says both new MacBook Pros with Touch Bar will manage 10 hours of battery life† (Kif Leswing). Apple designed a new feature for her laptop, it’s equipped with 4 Usb ports. And with these ports you can charge the laptop from any of them. The apple battery is a built-in 54.5-watt-hour lithium-polymer battery. In contrast the Toshiba satellite’s L75-C7234 battery consists of lithium-ion. And the battery lifetime is about 4 hours,† Battery life is solid at about 4 hours of real use, a bit better if you are not doing much or have power saver on†(Lamech). As we know, the battery feature plays an important role in the customer choice and it attracts the attention of gamers and long time workers. All these features are important but we have to pay attention for the prices of these laptops. Apple developed their laptops by adding to them a new feature which is the touchscreen display. â€Å"The Touch Bar replaces the function keys that have long occupied the top of your keyboard with something much more versatile and capable† (Apple). It helps you to have a quicker access to commands such like customizing to reveal volume, brightness and to open a new application via this touch bar. In addition, the screen resolution became much more sophisticated. It features 25% more of RGB colors in addition to 67% higher contrast ratio.† MacBook Pro now

Federal Budget for 2001 Free Essays

This country has been dealing with a budget deficit for many years now. In an attempt to change this, on June 29, Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7-year plan to balance the Federal Budget by the year 2001. This would be done by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7-year tax cut of $245 billion. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Budget for 2001 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If this plan were implemented, in the year 2002, the U. S. Government would have the first balanced budget since 1969. Current budget plans are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc. and include minor loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreement that has failed was too loose. One might remember the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, but left too many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990. So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote, and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton rejected the very bill he demanded. This essentially brought the federal budget back to square one. Clinton thought such a demand on Republicans to produce a budget would produce inner-party quarrels and cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a fiscal budget that passed both houses of Congress, only to be deadlocked by a stubborn Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced back with a CBO scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politically sensitive areas like entitlements. Clinton†s plan also saved dollars for education and did not include a tax increase, but most cuts would not take effect until he is out of office, in the year 2001. Although Clinton is sometimes criticized for producing a stalemate in budget talks, the White House points out that the debt has gone down since Clinton took office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans are quick to state that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cut defense programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budget without deficit reduction. As of 1996, the national debt was at an all time high of $5 trillion dollars, with interest running at a whopping $250 billion per year. This equals out to an individual responsibility of more than $50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt has accumulated since 1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by 500%. Currently, the debt grows by more than $10,000 per second, and at current rates, our government is about to reach its breaking point. If that†s not enough to scare a taxpayer, by 2002, 60% of government spending will be for entitlements, and by 2012, these programs are projected to take up all government revenue. Not only economic development, but also family income is hurt by debt. With the cost of living going up, it becomes harder to find a job. According to the Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in 1973 and have gone down ever since. If the economy grew as fast as it did in 1950, without a debt, the median family income would be $50,000, compared to the present median of $35,000. As of current fiscal year†s budget, the United States government spends $1. 64 trillion yearly, $500 billion of that, or 1/3 of the total, is for discretionary spending. This discretionary spending is the target for most cuts, and seems to be the easiest to make cuts in. Overall, the difference between the two parties’ budget plans is only $400 billion. This could easily be trimmed by eliminating tax cut and adjusting the consumer price index to reality. Democrats say the GOP plan is too lopsided, and Republicans criticize the Democrat plan for being unrealistic. A study by the Urban Institute shows GOP cuts will be felt mainly by the bottom 1/5 of U. S. population. This should be more equally spread out across income brackets. By fulfilling campaign promises made by freshman Republican Congressmen to cut government spending, the GOP managed to pass a $1. 6 trillion budget resolution by a party-line vote, in both houses of Congress. This budget called for major cuts in education, environmental programs, discretionary spending, and the largest of all: entitlements. 70% of the money to balance the budget under the GOP plan would have come from entitlements. This is because entitlement programs currently take up $301 billion a year. Such cuts had already been partially implemented with the GOP cutting overall spending by 9. 1% in 1996 alone. First, in an attempt to stop the projected bankruptcy of Medicare in 2002, Republicans cut $270 billion overall from the program, with hospital reimbursement cuts being the deepest. Although stabilizing the fund is only expected to cost $130-$150 billion over 7 years, the GOP budget would reform the program to run better, and cheaper, by allowing it to grow at 6% yearly, instead of the current 10%. While both parties agree on premium hikes for beneficiaries, this is a touchy subject for the 38. 1 million elderly voters on Medicare. Medicaid, another volatile program, would be cut $182 billion under the GOP proposal. This would entail placing a cap on the program†s spending, and passing control of it to the individual state governments. For an estimated 39 million low-income people on Medicaid in 1996, the GOP plan cuts the program far more than Clinton†s proposed $98 billion cut. Social Security is another program being cut. The government has already reduced the outlay for seniors 70 and younger who are on the program, but Republicans want more by increasing the eligibility for Social Security from 62 to 65 for early retirement, and 65 to 70 for standard retirement. Smaller cuts included $11 billion in student loan reductions, $9. 3 billion in labor cuts, $10 billion eliminated from public housing programs, and several other numerous disaster relief programs cut. The GOP also wants to eliminate programs initiated by Clinton like the National Service initiative, summer jobs, Goals 2000, and Americorps. Along with terminating unnecessary farm programs, and cutting others by $12. 3 billion. Republicans hope to cut the yearly $6 billion that the Federal Government spends on direct subsidies to farmers. Agricultural policies were also reformed and embedded into budget-reconciliation bills. Clinton†s budget only surfaced after he vetoed the budget passed by Congress, and included shallower cuts, with little or no reform to entitlements. This plan was supported by most Democrats and was used as an alternate to a gutsy GOP budget. Clinton repeatedly trashed the Republican†s efforts to make cuts on programs he feels important like student loans, agricultural programs, and entitlements. He accused Republicans of wanting to kill some all together. He has also threatened to veto a Republican plan to reform Medicare called Medical Savings Accounts, unless his programs are left intact. Under Federal law, the President is required to submit budget requests in 2 forms: Budget Authority, the amount of new federal commitments for each fiscal year, and outlays, the amount actually spent in the fiscal year. The plan that Clinton has presented is not only a budget resolution in the form of a campaign document, but also proof of how far the Republicans have moved him to compromise since the they took control of Congress. Most important, it does not readily translate into regular accounting principles used for government programming. This year†s White House budget was a 2,196 page document that the GOP struck down immediately for not cutting taxes enough and neglecting to downsize the government. Among largest cuts within Clinton†s plan was the downsizing of 1/5 to 1/3 of all programs that he felt were not a priority to present day government. In addition, he wanted to close loopholes presented to corporate taxation, that would save an estimated $28 billion. He vowed to keep programs like education, crime prevention, and research or environmental grants. Attention was also placed on discretionary spending, with Clinton cutting a smaller $297 billion compared to GOP†s $394 billion cut. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the President†s plan cuts middle-income taxes by $107. 5 billion in 7 years, small business by $7 billion, and cuts $3. 4 billion from distressed urban and rural area relief. This was to be paid for by a $54. billion hike in corporate and wealthy-income taxes, and also in $2. 3 billion of tighter EITC (Earned Income Tax credit) adjustments. Although Clinton†s plan was expected to cut a whopping $593 billion in 7 years to furthermore produce an $8 billion surplus in 2002, most cuts are long term without a clear goal. Republicans sometimes criticize Clinton for unwillingness to compromise. He has used vetoes and stubborn negotiations to protect personal priorities like education, job training, and environmental programs, but Republicans have also tried using domination to force him to comply. One must remember that President Clinton does have somewhat of an overwhelming power in this debate that Republicans can do nothing about. He is the single person that can veto laws sent to him, and also has the power to call Congress back into session if he is unhappy with the current situation. This was President Truman†s â€Å"ace in the hole† back in 1948. One of the ways we are currently reducing the deficit includes the introduction of â€Å"means testing. † This means that people would get entitlements based on need. The government already has reduced Social Security for modest income seniors’ age 70 and younger, but budget cutters want to broaden that idea. There are 2 major problems with means testing. First, it is considered inherently unfair. Some might argue that a person might blow all of their income before the entitlement reductions come into place. Second, it might reduce the incentive to work and encourage people to hide their income. For instance, beneficiaries of Social Security, ages 62-64, lose $1. 00 yearly in benefits for every $2. 00 they earn in income or wages above $8,160 per year. Some say increasing eligibility requirements would solve some problems, and propose raising the age of early retirement from 62 to 65, and standard retirement from 65 to 70. Another touchy subject in budget reduction is the argument that the poor are being left out of savings. According to the Clinton Administration, the GOP budget would cause a family with income of $13,325 per year to lose 11% of their income. United States Treasury Department studies say the bottom 1/5 income families would have net tax increase of an average $12 to $26 under the GOP plan. The top 1/5 income families would receive more than 60% of the tax relief. A HHS analysis states that the GOP plan would also boost child poverty rates from 14. 5% to 16. 1%, and poor families with children would loose 6% of their income. In the end, budget reduction is no easy task. The center of attention for debate on budget cutting is politics, and whoever takes responsibility for reform gets left wide open to criticism. Although Congress and Clinton have spent the past year on debating the budget and the size of the Federal Government, most plans fall back on gimmicks, loopholes, and long-term plans. Even Democrats now agree to downsize the government, but the two parties disagree on how and where. As we trust our elected officials to make decisions in Washington on our behalf, we must show interest and aptitude on the end results. Countries like Sweden and Canada have successfully reformed fiscal policies. Sweden†s government elected to abandon welfare, pensions, health insurance, unemployment programs, family assistance, and child allowances. Their deficit soon fell by 3. 5% of GDP in one year alone. Sweden†s plan was three times as intense as Congress† current plan, while cutting spending in half the time. As for cuts, everyone must suffer. Older Americans have good reason to protect programs that they have paid into for years, but those programs spend an overall per capita amount of 11 times as much on elderly than that spent on children altogether. The youth are the future of America, and we should protect them too. Currently, poverty in US is 3 times as likely to affect the very young than the very old. By balancing the budget, â€Å"interest rates come down, the economy picks up – we will rebound,† says Representative James Greenwood, and everyone should be happy with that. How to cite Federal Budget for 2001, Essay examples

Face Off Rice vs Muscle Essay Example For Students

Face Off: Rice vs Muscle Essay It is a warm summers day; the heat rises from the pavement as the roar of engines and smell of gasoline surround you. With a throaty growl the first car pulls up to the line on the drag strip in front of you. Its large V-8 pounds as it pulls up to the starting mark. An annoying whine announces the challenger, a smaller car covered in decals and brand names. Its four cylinders hum as it stops, ready to go. The light flashes green and both cars jump into action. As the front wheels leap from the pavement, the eight cylinders power the 4000 pounds of Detroit muscle down the track. Beside it, the much lighter Japanese Rice-Rocket squeals down the track with a whine of a turbocharger issuing from under the hood. But from the beginning the race was over, the American muscle car once again leaving the Rice-Rocket sucking its exhaust. This is the scene at drag strips all over North America. Domestic automobiles defeat the imported cars time and time again but they just dont give up. It is not only at the drag strip where domestically built cars come out on top. In everyday life a domestic car is a much better choice for many reasons. I will spend the next little while convincing you of this point. Please stick around for the ride. If you talk to an import driver and tell him that domestics are better, at some point he is going to come out with the same old argument of Power per litre. What this means is the amount of horsepower an engine gets per litre of displacement. Because most imports have smaller engines they must get a good power per litre rating to move the car. Because domestics use larger engines they do not need this. But even some domestic cars using smaller engines get good power per litre marks. Here are just a couple domestic cars getting over 100 horsepower per litre and they have larger engines then most imports. A Pontiac Solice with a 2.2L engine gets about 240hp, which equals out to 120hp/L, a Dodge Spirit R/T also with a 2. 2L motor gets around 224hp, which is 102hp/L. And if this is not enough, there is a very common engine used by enthusiasts all over North America that gets 169hp/L. That means if a 1.8L Honda engine were this efficient it would make over 300hp. Why is this engine not used in cars today? Well because it is a model airplane engine that is only 0.0065L. If you were to buy 195 of these engines and put them in your Acura then you can brag to me about your Power per litre but not a moment sooner. Not only do domestics beat imports in the area of power per litre but they beat them all the way to the bank as well. While imports may be cheaper to buy right away, in the end they will cost you more. I am talking about oil changes, brakes, and any other repairs that will need to be done during your cars life. For the sake of comparison I have chosen two similar cars, one domestically made and one imported. I chose the Ford Focus ZX3 for the domestic. It is a compact two-door hatchback. I decided on the Honda Civic for the imported car. It is also a compact two-door hatchback. I then did some research on cost of retail parts. While for a couple parts the Honda was cheaper, for most, the Ford was the cheaper choice. Here are just a few of the parts I researched. .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 , .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .postImageUrl , .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 , .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:hover , .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:visited , .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:active { border:0!important; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:active , .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575 .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u877aa7dd08ac944f0c67abf3f766f575:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus Essay For a left tie rod on the Focus it was a mere $47.33 while the Honda would hit you for $62.40. A taillight would cost you $166.96 if you bought a Civic but it is only $145.71 on the Ford. And for my last part I chose a big one. For a hood on the Ford Focus it is $472.50, which is quite a bit of money, but on the Honda Civic it was $522.43. These are just a couple of common parts that you may need during your cars life and .

Diffusion of innovation

Diffusion of innovation describes how a new idea, behavior, or item (an innovation) is disseminated to a population in a given period of time through specific avenues of communication (Rogers, 2003). Innovations are not always adopted even when they have obvious and clear-cut advantages and Rogers (2003) identifies four factors of diffusion: time, the social system, the innovation, and the communication channels.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Diffusion of innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For something to qualify as an innovation it does not have to be temporally recent as what matters is that people perceive it as new. An innovation therefore is that which is perceived as new regardless of its actual age. A communication channel refers to the course a message takes to get from a source to the receiver and examples are interpersonal communication and mass media. Time is a factor when it comes to the r ate of adoption of an innovation and it forms an imperative element in understanding diffusion of innovations. The social system can be viewed as people who jointly seek a common goal. The decision to take up an innovation usually involves five steps: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The knowledge stage is characterized by someone gaining initial information on what purpose the innovation serves and how it functions, albeit the information is sparse at this stage. During the persuasion stage the person actively seeks information on the innovation and forms an independent opinion about the innovation. Rogers (2003) points out that persuasions are more affective than objective-they are based more on feelings than actual factual information. The decision stage marks the point at which someone decides whether or not to adopt an innovation for their own use. In the implementation stage the person puts the innovation to actual practical use. Confirmation is the final stage and it involves the person making an evaluation of the decision to use the innovation. The stage is also marked by seeking of information that is of a bolstering nature in order to confirm their decision and keep using the innovation. The success of an innovation is usually determined by five aspects: relative advantage, simplicity and ease of use, compatibility with existing values and practices, trialability and observability (Bennet and Bennet, 2003). Relative advantage is subjective to the users of an innovation and it is the perceived â€Å"betterness† of an innovation to its predecessor.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simplicity and ease of use determine the rate of an innovation’s diffusion in the sense that innovations that are easy to understand and use are likely to have a faster rate of adoption. The extent to which an innovation is c onsistent with current needs and is significant to its users determines the innovation’s compatibility with existing values and practices. An innovation that is highly relevant to the social system is likely to have a higher rate of diffusion. Trialabilty is the degree to which an innovation can be tested by the potential user before the user adopts it e.g. a car that can be taken for a test drive has more trialability than the car which cannot. Observability is basically how perceptible the results of an innovation are. Each social system can be broken down to five categories: innovators, early adopter, late adopters, and laggards depending on how quickly each group chooses to adopt an innovation. Innovators are the quickest and laggards the slowest to adopt an innovation. The graph below is a representation of how the groups’ frequencies are broken down in a population. Figure 1. Frequency distribution of a population according to rate of innovation adoption. This f igure illustrates how the five categories of innovation adoption according to time are spread in a population. References Bennett, J., Bennett, L. (2003). A Review of Factors that Influence the Diffusion of Innovation when Structuring a Faculty Training Program. Internet and Higher Education ,6, 53-63. Rogers, E. M (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Diffusion of innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Diffusion of innovation was written and submitted by user Carissa E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Flu Pandemic of 1918 Essays

The Flu Pandemic of 1918 Essays The Flu Pandemic of 1918 Essay The Flu Pandemic of 1918 Essay During the course of time certain incidents occur that change the course of our future and our thoughts.These incidents effect the population of the world either positively or negatively.Yet one event stood out to show how with the future brings both knowledge and power.Over the course of this century, scientific research has shown that modern medicine is not as exemplary as we would like it to be, since both we as people, and diseases are continuing a rapid growth or race to extinction of one another.For scientific comparisons, the 1918 Flu Pandemic will be the archetype. Since the beginning of time man has been haunted and tormented by one thing.Disease.Disease and bacteria have been causing great pain and strife to people since the beginning of time.From the Egyptians to the pioneers, and now today.As many different forms of diseases break out, society often is caught looking back in history to judge what to do in situations.This includes diseases.Scientists and researchers stil l havent found the direct cause of the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, let alone many others that are taking place this very second.Diseases have damaged society for a long time, the bubonic plague that swept across Europe during the 1300s nearly half the population of Europe was killed by an epidemic of plague.(Fettner Pg. 1) Though diseases have been lingering in human society since the dawn of time, many have fought back diseases by researching and creating vaccines and advances in medicine to help the ill.From penicillin to advanced surgery techniques and Antibiotics, the world has given its best shots to end disease but are still falling up a little short. Since the beginning of the infectious influenza, which has been taking the lives of many humans for centuries, it has always been consistent with its treatments and symptoms.The flu is well known for being on time.As most are aware of the flu

The Recession in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Recession in the UK - Essay Example This trend of borrowing also impacted UK banks and financial institutions as well, but the extent was less of course. Once the banks find the lending much lucrative with attractive returns and talks of all round developments, banks start lending to the maximum extent possible, with the notion that 'high risk implies higher returns'. In some case the banks also start lending money to high risk customers as well, in the belief that they'd be able to extract the money in any form from the borrower. This trend gradually spread to sub-prime lending practices. This type of lending is not very common around the world, but in US and UK such lending is preferred by specific categories of population, who are categorised as high credit risk population. But in recent past when sub-prime borrowers started preferring to desert their houses instead of paying back the loans, the banks found themselves under huge debt. This set in motion a chain reaction, resulting in adverse impacts on the stock market, which in turn impacted the confidence of an average investor. The ups and down in equity markets is not a new ph enomenon, but the UK equity markets have not recovered from the shake ups. With threats of failure of many reputed banks, the stock market appeared to be the only option where the investor can look for liquid cash. This started a continuous downtrend in stock markets in US and UK. Having stakes in international markets the Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in turn started selling their stakes in other markets as well. The trend has been continuing. The net result inter-banking borrowing rates were hiked by banks in order to preserve maximum liquid assets for instilling confidence amongst their customers. Once the bank to bank rates were on the rise, developmental projects started taking a hit, which in turn had an impact on the marketing potential of a whole range of materials including building materials, consumer goods and services etc. With rumours of failing banks, people started taking out their deposits from banks and instead started keeping the money within their custody. This resulted in difficult situation for banks and many banks were on the verge of going bust in UK. Owing to such circumstances, government of Iceland was also forced to intervene. Glitnir bank became the first bank to be nationalised by the Iceland government (Wardell and Satter, 2008). This trend is also quite apparent the world over in many countries including US, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan etc. in order to avoid major breakdowns in the respective economies. Now people are left with less disposable incomes, as some of the investments are stuck up in stock market, some others are gone bust with drowning banks and financial institutions. With companies also resorting to job-cuts, the disposable income levels are further going down with each passing day. People having taken loans from banks and other financial institutions started finding themselves in difficult position to payback those loans. This had a cascading effect on those banks which had earlier resorted to sub-prime lending and unreasonable lending. And banks started feeling the pressure. Northern Rock started sending out SOS signals to the government of UK. Subsequently the government started measures to nationalise the Northern Rock and pump in money

The Concept of Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Concept of Rights - Essay Example By "property" he means "life, liberty, and estate". The philosopher begins by asserting that each individual, at a minimum, "owns" himself, because he is free and equal in the state of nature. In the Second Treatise, Locke espoused the idea of government by consent (representative government). Since there is no natural hierarchy among human beings, any subordination of one to another must be conventional. This convent is called the social contract. In this way, Locke argues that a full economic system could, in principle, exist within the state of nature. Property could therefore predate the existence of government, and thus society can be dedicated to the protection of property. When one joins civil society, however, one joins one's property to it to be regulated by the community. As a practical matter, in every society, a part must rule the whole. As the majority is composed of more wills and is stronger than the minority, the will of society must be determined by the majority. This makes liberal democracy a moral imperative. At a minimum, the majority must support the regime in power; in practice, this support can be demonstrated only by including something like a Parl iament in the government. It must be said that the people rule themselves. The rule of law - the idea that the power of the state may be exercised only pursuant to a general rule crafted by the legislature - is the only legitimate form of government. However, according to the philosopher, if the state overstepped its limits and began to exercise arbitrary power, it forfeited its 'side' of the contract and thus, the contract being void, the citizens not only have the right to overthrow the state, but are indeed morally compelled to revolt and replace the state (Uzgalis). "The Declaration of Independence" (1776). The Preamble of the Declaration is influenced by Enlightenment philosophy, including the concept of natural law. Ideas and even some of the phrasing were taken directly from the writings of John Locke, particularly his Second Treatise. This was done so, because, according to Jefferson, the purpose of the Declaration was not to find out new philosophical principles or arguments, but to convince everyone that leaders of the colonies were right in their revolutionary actions. The preamble is presented as a logical demonstration, with one proposition leading to another proposition. From the first proposition (that all men are created equal), a chain of logic is produced that leads to the right and responsibility of revolution when a government becomes destructive of the people's rights (Locke's idea): "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness". Again, the Locke's terminology: "That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the consent of the governed". Then, according to the text of the Declaration, "whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is in the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness"

The benefits of legal human cloning research outweigh the opponents Paper

The benefits of legal human cloning outweigh the opponents negitives - Research Paper Example This process eliminates the emotional pain and expense that accompanies the condition. Moreover, it even puts more couples in a position to have their own children (â€Å"The Advantages of Cloning† par. 6) Rejuvenation, also called therapeutic cloning, can only be advanced through the use of human cloning technology. In this process embryonic stem cells are vital as they are used to produce new tissues and organs, which are used to replace faulty ones such as hearts, spinal cord cells for paraplegics’ tissues. Thus, in this case, cloning plays a key role in preventing and alleviating human suffering for humans who have ailments like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s. At the same time, if well advanced, even the aging process could be reversed (â€Å"Benefits of Cloning: Benefits of Human Cloning† par. 2). Despite cloning being controversial, it may be a viable solution to many people considering genetic engineering may offer parents a choice of determining what features they would like their children to have. This is concerning their cognitive abilities and physical abilities (â€Å"The Advantages of Cloning† par .14). In addition, parents could have the chance to be better at raising their children, as genetically modified children would have their needs and abilities known to their parent’s beforehand (Smith par. 10). Apart from this, children would be less susceptible to illnesses since all defective genes would be corrected, and immunity boosted at the time of cloning. Moreover, through cloning organs used for transplants would be made readily available through human cloning. For example, currently there are no human livers to make transplant to those patients in need them, instead, pig livers are used to work as a provisional solution until a donor is found. Consequently, human cloning readily avails the required organs without having another person’s

Effect of Simulation Based Education on Medical Knowledge

Effect of Simulation Based Education on Medical Knowledge EFFECT OF SIMULATION BASED EDUCATION ON KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS IN CONTEXT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE Bogam Rahul R. Corresponding Author Dr Rahul Ramesh Bogam ABSTRACT Simulations are being increasingly used to train medical students in diverse clinical skills. Simulation is arguably the most prominent innovation in medical education over the past 15 years. Role play is a simulation technique which can potentially strengthen knowledge that will lead to improved expertise. The present study was undertaken to assess an effectiveness of simple intervention in the form of ‘Role Play Simulation’ on the knowledge of undergraduate MBBS medical students of one of randomly selected medical colleges in Maharashtra regarding ‘Epidemics Investigations.’ Methods: A cross-sectional study consisting of pre and post test intervention was conducted at one of the randomly selected medical colleges in Western Maharashtra. A structured pretested self administered questionnaire consisting of 15 close ended questions was distributed to all 144 participants. The present study attempted to incorporate simulation based role play which was based on epidemic/outbreak investigations for food poisoning. Immediately after this intervention, same questionnaire was distributed to participants as a post test and responses were collected. ‘Paired t-test’ was used to assess pre and post intervention knowledge of participants. Results: Present study revealed significant improvement in knowledge of participants about epidemic investigations from pre to post intervention as a result of ‘Role Play Simulation Based Education’ (t = 42.87, p Conclusion: A simple simulation form like role play can make significant change in knowledge of medical students about very important topic i.e. ‘Epidemic Investigation’ in Community Medicine subject. Key words: Simulations, Community Medicine, Knowledge, Medical students, Role play INTRODUCTION There have been burgeoning developments and changes in medical education.[1] The information and communication technology has revolutionized the teaching and learning process.[1] Various new teaching methodogies are being used to impart medical education to the students in more effective way. The basic reason to look for these methodologies is the dis-satisfaction with conventional mode of education, which is losing it’s relevance in this era of information explosion. [1] Simulations are being increasingly used to train medical students in diverse clinical skills. Simulation is arguably the most prominent innovation in medical education over the past 15 years. [2] They help us to replicate situations which may not possible to get in real settings or where it may be logistically difficult to work on real patients. [1] Role play is a simulation technique which can potentially strengthen knowledge that will lead to improved expertise. Despite of an effectiveness of role play in providing medical education, it’s use in educating medical students is limited. [3] ‘Epidemic Investigation’ is not only an essential aspect in Community Medicine subject but also it has public health relevance. Even though very few studies have been conducted so far in India to evaluate the knowledge of medical students pertaining to investigations of epidemic, some evidences have shown that ‘Simulation Based Education’ can be an effective teaching tool to educate medical students about emergency situation like epidemics. Clinical situations for teaching and learning purposes are created using various forms of simulation like mannequins, part-task trainers, simulated patients or computer-generated simulations. The present study was undertaken to assess an effectiveness of simple intervention in the form of ‘Role Play Simulation’ on the knowledge of undergraduate MBBS medical students of one of randomly selected medical colleges in Maharashtra regarding ‘Epidemics Investigations.’ OBJECTIVE To assess an effectiveness of ‘Role Play Simulation’ on knowledge of undergraduate MBBS medical students about ‘Epidemics Investigations.’ MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study consisting of pre and post test intervention was conducted at one of the randomly selected medical colleges in Western Maharashtra. The inclusion criteria were all 144 undergraduate medical students from 7th semester who were present on the day of an intervention. Those who did not attend the class on the day of an intervention were excluded from the study. Written permission was also obtained from participants after explaining the purpose of study to them. A structured pretested self administered questionnaire consisting of 15 close ended questions was distributed to all participants. They were allowed 15 minutes to complete questionnaire under strict supervision. A questionnaire consisted of questions based on various aspects of epidemic investigations like essential criteria for confirmation of existence of an epidemic, spot map, epidemiological case sheet etc. The present study attempted to incorporate simulation based role play which was based on epidemic/outbreak investigations for food poisoning. Few volunteer medical students were selected and trained to participate in simulation based role play. They were asked to focus on ten important steps in investigation of an epidemic i.e. verification of diagnosis, confirmation of an existence of an epidemic, defining the population at risk, rapid search for all cases and their characteristics, data analysis, formulation of hypothesis, testing of hypothesis, evaluation of ecological factors, further investigation of population at risk and writing the report (Table 1). Remaining students were asked to watch this simulation based role play. Total duration of role play was about 20 minutes. Immediately after this intervention, same questionnaire was distributed to participants as a post test and responses were collected. Data Analysis The scoring system for each complete question was assigned for pre and post intervention. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Office Excel Sheet. ‘Paired t-test’ was used to assess pre and post intervention knowledge of participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In present study, of 144 participants 78(54.16%) were males and 66 (45.83%) were females. All (100%) participants were in age bracket of 20-23 years. In contemporary medical education, there is strong emphasis on the use of innovative teaching methods like Problem Based Learning, One Minute Preceptor (OMP), Computer Assisted Learning, Flipped Teaching etc. Uses of these types of methods help students to learn various clinical skills in more effective way. The present study attempted to impart knowledge to undergraduate medical students about investigations of an epidemic by using ‘Role Play Method’ rather than using traditional teaching method. The present study showed that simple simulation form like role play made improvement in the knowledge of participants about ‘Epidemic Investigations.’ Similarly other Studies also reported that the use of simulations as a teaching tool increases student’s comprehension of complex theoretical concepts in relation to modules that are taught solely with the traditional lecture/seminar format. [4] Jennifer M Weller et al. [5] also recommended that ‘Simulation Based Education’ needs to be integrated into medical curricula at the development stage, with careful attention paid to transfer of skills learnt to the real clinical environment. In a Malaysian medical school, role plays have been used to teach communication skills in primary care medicine. [6] Table. 1. Pre and Post intervention questions with correct response (n = 144) Table. 2. Mean marks of participants (n = 144) Present study revealed significant improvement in knowledge of participants about epidemic investigations from pre to post intervention as a result of ‘Role Play Simulation Based Education’ (t = 42.87, p However prior to an intervention, poor level of knowledge was found amongst participants regarding certain aspects of epidemic investigations like Spot Map, criteria for confirmation of epidemic, period of investigation of an epidemic etc.( Table 2). The present study reiterates the need for incorporation of innovative methodologies like simulations along with traditional methods for better learning of students. At some places, methodology like ‘Role Play’ has been regular teaching method in medical colleges.[7]At the University of Heidelberg, Germany, introducing role plays augmented the realism of technical training and improved doctor-patient communication and to teach students to obtain a sexual history and discuss sexual health issues. [8] Role-play is simple form of simulation which can be a valuable teaching tool for medical education, requiring few resources and allowing students to look at the material they are learning in a new light. CONCLUSIONS Present study reported significant improvement in knowledge of undergraduate medical students pertaining to epidemic investigation from pre to post-intervention as a result of role play method. It shows that even a simple simulation form like role play can make significant change in knowledge of medical students about very important topic i.e. ‘Epidemic Investigation’ in Community Medicine subject. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We heartily acknowledge the cooperation and support of Dr. Shekhar M. Kumbhar for conduction of this study. DECLARATION OF INTEREST The author reports no conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible for the content and writing of the article. REFERENCES Tejinder Singh, Piyush Gupta, Daljit Singh. Principles of Medical Education. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 2013; 4th Edn, 1-14. Morgan Passiment Heather Sacks Grace Huang. Medical Simulation in Medical Education: Results of an AAMC Survey. 2011, Association of American Medical Colleges: 1-42. P.Ravi Shankar, Rano M.Piryani, Kundan K.Singh and Bal Man Karki. Student feedback about the use of role plays in Sparshanam, a medical humanities module. F 1000 research. 2012; 1 (65): 1-10. Govinda Clayton and Theodora-Ismene Gizelis. Learning through Simulation or Simulated Learning? An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Simulations as a Teaching Tool in Higher Education.1-25. Jennifer M Weller, Debra Nestel,Stuart D Marshall, Peter M Brooks, Jennifer J Conn. Simulation in clinical teaching and learning.MJA.2012; 196 (9):1-5. Sherina HN and Chia YC: Communication skills teaching in primary care medicine. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2002; 57(Suppl E): 74–77. Manzoor I, Mukhtar F and Hashmi NR: Medical students’ perspective about role plays as a teaching strategy in community medicine. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan. 2012; 22(4): 222–5. Nikendei C, Kraus B, Schrauth M, P.Weyrich, S.Zipfel, W.Herzogi et al.: Integration of role-playing into technical skills training: a randomized controlled trial. Medical Teacher. 2007; 29(9): 956–960. 1

The Function of the Shawl in Ozicks The Shawl Essay -- Cynthia Ozick

The Function of the Shawl in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† Suffering becomes a way of life for Magda, Stella and Rosa, as they struggle to survive during the Holocaust. During these trying times, some cling to ideals and dreams, while others find unusual vessels of hope – like the shawl – to perdure in their austere living conditions. Although the shawl becomes a source of conflict between Magda, Stella and Rosa in this narrative, it also serves as a pivotal force and a motivational factor. In Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl†, a small wrap allows its owners to triumph over the adversities of a concentration camp, the â€Å"magic shawl† comforts, nourishes, protects and prolongs life. For Magda, the shawl serves as a magical place, a place of transition and latent life, it acts as a figurative surrogate mother, a pacifier, nourishment and comfort. Hidden away in her warm little cocoon, Magda is not only protected but concealed from the Nazis. When she is wrapped up in the shawl on Rosa’s chest as an infant, Magda is mistaken for Rosa’s breasts, she would â€Å"have been dead already, but had been buried deep inside the magic shawl† (paragraph 6). If it wasn’t for the shawl’s protection, Magda could not have been soothed and comforted by warmth and nourishment as she was during her short life. Not only is the shawl her cocoon, it is also a pacifier for starving Magda’s screams, it nourishes her with its â€Å"good flavor, milk of linen† (paragraph 3) â€Å"for three days and three nights† (paragraph 4). Magda sucks it and wraps herself in it to be very still (paragraph 7) and she guards her shawl â€Å"like a tiger† (paragraph 7). Her instinct is to protect the one thing she knows and loves, the shawl has provided Magda with the basic necessities she need... ...tic and unimaginable of circumstances. Despite the horrifying circumstances she faces, a malnourished, selfless Rosa tries her hardest to be the best mother she can be to her innocent child. Unable to continuously keep Magda safe, nourished and comforted, Rosa counts on the shawl to keep Magda out of harms way, the shawl indirectly becomes a great source of comfort for Rosa because it allows her to know that her baby is safe and sound. Stella wants this comfort, this protection, and so she steals the shawl and murders Magda. In Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl†, the shawl serves as a source of comfort, nourishment, protection, and life, for Magda, Stella and Rosa during the Holocaust. WORKS CITED Ozick, Cynthia. â€Å"The Shawl†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 4th Compact Ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008. 230-233.

Discuss Yeats’ changing attitude to ‘Romantic Ireland’

It is one of the dualities in Yeats' work that a poet renowned for the universal forlorn love lyric should be so inextricably bound to the particular identity, struggle and destiny of the Irish nation. However, on closer examination, Yeats' poetic style proves that seeming paradox is easily explained when the true nature of Yeats' idealism is taken into account. This essay shall argue the apparent political revolutionary commitment seen in the 1910's was something of an aberration, in a transitional period of his career. To locate this transition, it is necessary to start at the beginning and end of his life, and work inwards, tracing the changing portrayal of Ireland in his verse. The early Yeats was part of a strong Romantic tradition. Its liking for the emotional authenticity of folk-lore found a ready place in Yeats' work, as he exploited the rich Irish mythological tradition: his long narrative works all date from this first stage. The first collection uses the ballad form frequently, and the simplicity of poems like ‘To An Isle in the Water' – â€Å"shy one, shy one/ shy one of my heart / she moves in the firelight† – recalls traditional Irish poetry. Perhaps archetypal of Yeats' early romantic pieces is ‘To The Rose Upon The Rood Of Time'. His treatment of Ireland and formal technique come together under the auspices of traditional Romanticism: he is unapologetic about drawing from â€Å"Old Eire and the ancient ways.† The poem is populated by mythic and shadowy figures from Ireland's Gaelic past: the warrior-king Cuchulain, a druid, and Fergus, sometime King of Ulster. Despite coming from an Irish Protestant family, Yeats still paints Ireland as a Celtic idyll, and evokes it using traditional Romantic imagery – stars, the sea, woodlands, flowers. The use of the rose as a motif throughout his early work is indebted not only to the Order of the Golden Dawn, but to Blake in particular. Both shared a mystical tendency beyond Christianity echoed by Yeats' own wish to be a seer-poet in the Irish tradition: the keeper of the narrative of identity. Formally and technically, it shows the clear legacy of Romanticism too. The opening line, in solid iambic pentameter, runs as a stylized invocation – a common technique of traditional lyrical verse. The repetitions echo prayer, further intensifying the spiritual dimension of the piece. The vocabulary, whilst not necessarily archaic, is certainly that of traditional poetic diction: â€Å"thine†, â€Å"whereof†, â€Å"boughs.† There is a similar stylization in the syntax – â€Å"I would, before my time to go† – and personification of â€Å"eternal beauty wandering on her way.† This phase of his poetry, known as the ‘Celtic twilight' period, is rich in similar poems; their keynote being Irish themes and myth married to Romantic style and concerns such as unrequited love, heroism and mystical union with nature. Other pieces which use Irish mythology are â€Å"The Hosting of the Sidhe', ‘The Song of Wandering Aengus', but the idea of a Celtic idyll (derived from the Romantic's radical reshaping of pastoral idealism) runs throughout. This early work is a strong contrast to his final collections, some three or four decades later. It is impossible to characterise such an extensive body of poetry with few examples, but the progression is distinctive. His cultural frame of reference seems far wider, drawing on such diverse sources as: â€Å"a Quattrocento painter's throng / A thoughtless image of Mantegna's thought†[1] to the famous symbolism of Byzantium, representing imaginative unity and the highest form of culture. Formally, the uniform elegiac tone of the early verse (broken only by simple ballads and refrains) is replaced by much greater variety. Yeats' background in theatre comes through in many pieces relying on the dialogue form. There are also the unique and iconoclastic ‘Crazy Jane' poems, as well as series of lyrics and fragments of a few lines. The tone is far less stylised and less self-consciously Romantic: ‘Crazy Jane' represent the apex of a far more open and natural diction. The portrayal of Ireland in these poems mirrors the new progression in style. ‘Under Ben Bulben' sees Yeats' rather desperately asking young writers to â€Å"learn your trade† and â€Å"cast your mind on other days.† This strikes a more resigned tone than the early ‘To Ireland In The Coming Times' where Yeats affirmed: â€Å"I cast my heart into my rhymes† and evoked â€Å"faeries, dancing under the moon / A druid land, a druid tune!† ‘Parnell's Funeral' is not so much resigned, as starkly cynical, with Yeats stating: â€Å"all that was sung / all that was said in Ireland is a lie / bred out of the contagion of the throng.† It is an attitude shared in the acerbic ‘The Great Day' and also ‘Nineteen Hundred And Nineteen' which describes the â€Å"traffic in mockery†: â€Å"We, who seven years ago Talked of honour and truth, Shriek with pleasure if we show The weasel's twist, the weasel's tooth† The poems in The Tower and The Winding Stair, particularly, portray melancholy despair which sees Yeats retreating, whether it be to the symbolic Byzantium, or his own watchtower at Coole Park. The everyday chaos of Ireland is left behind as Yeats surrenders to reflection. Yet this also marks a continuation between the two periods; in the figure of a solitary, reflective artist: â€Å"a man in his own secret meditation / is lost amid the labyrinth that he has made† (‘Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen.') We see, too, that Yeats had lost none of his gift for the lyric.Note the solemn mysticism of â€Å"wine-dark midnight in the sacred wood† (‘Her Vision In The Wood') or the powerful spiritual aphorism in ‘Under Ben Bulben': â€Å"Many times man lives and dies / Between his two eternities.† This continuity, although at odds with the progressions already noted, helps to explain them. It is the vital thread running through his transitional phase, unifying both early and late Yeats, and provokes fresh inquiry into the so-called ‘political' poems. Yeats was always a Romantic in the Keatsian or Tennysonian reflective strain, rather than the radical political side. Hid poetry nearly always came imbued with myth, ‘otherness': he proceeded from the Late Romantic period to form a kind of Romantic Modernism more characteristic of American poets such as Hart Crane. His interest in dream symbolism and automatic writing also placed him with the impressionistic side of Modernism (eg.Surrealism) rather than the harsher or more violent wings (imagism, futurism etc.) Yeats' myth-making and political romanticism is lucidly apparent if the use of legend in the ‘Celtic twilight' phase is put under closer scrutiny. Without placing too much store on biographical details, Celticism (in the hands of Yeats and others) was double-edged. Although it did support national identity and culture, it was also reinforcing imperial stereotyping of the Celts as irrational, feminine and emotional. By using the ancient myth of Ireland, Yeats was implicitly denying that Ireland had a present; by glorifying the peasantry and the oppressed, he was implicitly affirming that Ireland's place was as a subjugated nation. This paradox has been noted in a general sense by Edward Said: â€Å"to accept nativism is to accept the consequences of imperialism too willingly, to accept the very radical, religious and political divisions imposed on places like Ireland.†[2] Yeats' is not a radical revolutionary idealism, but an imaginative idealism: running along metaphysical and mythopoetic lines; not historical or political ones. If this tendency – the tendency to escape into myth – is noted, the later pieces seem less removed from his early career. Yeats peppers his verse with references to former poets, and explicitly assumes the Romantic mantle for himself: â€Å"Some moralist or mythological poet Compares the solitary soul to a swan; I am satisfied with that, Satisfied if a troubled mirror show it, Before that brief gleam of its life be gone.† (‘Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen') He revels in the symbol of the winding stair to mythologise the poet's ascent to meditate on the turbulence of the world below. Whereas before Ireland's enchanted past was the myth, now Ireland is yoked to greater schemes. The civil war representing the violence and disillusion of existence to be set against the spiritual purity of the poet in his tower. The events in Ireland are chained to Yeats' elaborate visions of cyclical history set out in ‘The Second Coming' and ‘The Gyres.' The â€Å"violence upon the roads† (Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen† and the â€Å"rage-driven, rage-tormented, and rage-hungry troop† (‘Meditations in Time of Civil War') are local analogues for the universal â€Å"blood-dimmed tide† of ‘The Second Coming'. Yeats still does celebrate Ireland – it would be fallacy to suggest that the violence of the Civil War sickened his idealism so much he could never face Ireland again with anything but cynicism. However, his engagement was often wary, sometimes ironical – the drinking song of ‘ Come Gather Round Me, Parnellites.' Neither can it be ignored that he occasionally refashioned his old Celtic schemes, most famously in ‘Under Ben Bulben' although even here it becomes a segment of a wider schema: â€Å"gyres run on / when that greater dream had gone.† It is particularly interesting, although perhaps not surprising, that Yeats took the events of the civil war and immediately mythologised them. As mentioned above, the black-and-tan conflict becomes an antithetical tension in his meditative poems, or is encompassed into some larger historical cycle. In various pieces, the heroes of Irish independence take their historical place neatly alongside Wolfe Tone and the Celtic warriors. Even before the fate of the Irish Free State had been decided, Yeats had abstracted the civil war and the contemporary crisis into history and myth. It seems that in his poetry, Ireland had to be romantic. Which helps to explain exactly why Yeats had a seemingly ‘political' phase. Essentially, for a brief period, the reality of Ireland suddenly became equal to the romantic ideal – a struggle for an ideal and a dream, a forging of identity, a moment of historical crisis, death and beauty side by side. Yeats suddenly found that, for a moment, romantic Ireland seemed to be tentatively existent. It must be noted that the ‘political' phase coincided beautifully with the technical and stylistic transition. It would be mere speculation to try to delineate some kind of causal relationship, but it is clear that by 1914 Yeats was searching for some kind of new poetic idiom. His patchy excursions into Imagist style verse in The Green Helmet show he was dissatisfied with simply creating carbon-copy Keatsian Celtic lyrics. It was also about this time that the first dialogue poems began to appear. Emotionally, the tone of the poetry is dejected too. Yeats â€Å"grew weary of the sun† and suggests he might have â€Å"been content to live† in ‘Words'. ‘No Second Troy'rebukes Gonne: â€Å"she filled my days / with misery†, whilst the downbeat ‘Lines written in Dejection' sees him with â€Å"nothing but the embittered sun.† It is seemingly with the Civil War that Yeats found a way to harness his Romanticism to both modern Ireland and to Modernism itself. The period was one of great variety in style and theme. Culminations of his wistful melancholia appear as late as The Wild Swans of Coole (notably the title poem.) Yet they lie side by side with dubious Modernist outings like ‘The Balloon of the Mind' and more successful sparse and clean verse like (perhaps supremely) ‘Easter 1916.' Poems like ‘The Phases of the Moon' and ‘Ego Dominus Tuus' anticipate Yeats' later metaphysical and philosophical bent. And he was still glorifying the Irish peasantry in pieces like ‘The Fisherman.' As Bloom points out â€Å"the two years from late 1915 to late 1917 were the most important of Yeats' imaginative life.†[3] Surely no accident then, that such a time frame was identical to the opening of the Irish hostilities. A longer transitional period (Responsibilities to Michael Robartes) interlocks uncannily with the end of the Home Rule, the Easter Rising and the course of the Irish Civil War. Thus it appears the Ireland's revolution either spurred Yeats' poetic career on to new ground, or he exploited it to facilitate the transition. In ‘September 1913†², disillusioned by the philistine and listless middle classes (symbolised by the â€Å"greasy till†), is among the strongest glorification of the Irish revolutionary tradition: â€Å"they were of a different kind, The names that stilled your childish play, They have gone about the world like wind, But little time had they to pray For whom the hangman's rope was spun, And what, God help us, could they save?† The second in the triptych of Yeats' war poems (the other was Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen), was ‘Easter 1916', where Yeats even questions the viability of art to encapsulate the glory of the revolutionaries: â€Å"no, no, not night but death.† This is quite a reversal for an artist who is fiercely aware of the myth-making possibility of poetry, and the importance of the narrative bardic tradition to Irish identity. Yeats is quick to contrast the everyday â€Å"polite meaningless words† and the bourgeois world of â€Å"eighteenth century houses† with the sacrifice and honour of the 1916 rebels: â€Å"We know their dreams, enough To know they dreamed and are dead; And what if excess of love Bewildered them till they died? I write it out in a verse – MacDonaugh and MacBride And Connolly and Pearse.† Yet even here, perhaps at the very apex of his political phase, there is doubt – â€Å"too long a sacrifice / Can make a stone of the heart† and foreboding of an destructive, irreversible change: â€Å"changed, changed utterly: / A terrible beauty is born.† These two separate images remind us that Yeats was an imaginative (and not political) idealist, and evoke two of his emblematic concerns: stasis, and the dying moment. Both his traditional and Modernist Romanticism are rooted in an intense awareness of time and history. The ‘Celtic twilight' poems, with their exploration of myth, unrequited love, and sorrow, sensualise and unify the tension between the Romantic polarity of eternity and transience; compare with Blake's ‘Auguries of Innocence' or Shelley's ‘To A Skylark.' Whilst never fully leaving the shadow of the Romantics – consider â€Å"I meditate upon a swallow's flight† from ‘Coole Park, 1929' – he also engaged with the Modernist crisis of temporality. The Modernist project to obliterate time has an ally of sorts in Yeats. One might consider the ‘out of time' reflections of the tower poems, the instant of rape enlarged into ‘Leda and the Swan', the a-temporal juxtaposition of historical figures in ‘The Statues', and of course the apocalyptic visions of ‘The Second Coming' and ‘The Gyres.' Note, too, the vast amount of material Yeats wrote on the experiences of aging and death. It is this obsession with time that reveals Yeats' true image of Ireland. Ireland, for him at least, had to be romantic Ireland, otherwise it something to be rejected as inferior – philistine, crude, brutal – and inimical to the soul of an imaginative artist. The Ireland of Yeats' verse was always an Ireland of the past, an Ireland passing away, with one eye on the eternities of legend and history. The images of Ireland changed repeatedly yet the undertow of myth remained the same. For a brief period around ‘Easter 1916†² – a time that fortuitously coincided with and perhaps enabled Yeats' technical transition – the reality of present Ireland was seemingly equal to its mythic past. It is ironic that Yeats' most relevant and political poem was also his greatest act of myth-making. What was really â€Å"changed, changed utterly† was not the history of Ireland, but Yeats' imaginative landscape. Ireland, once again, faded to romantic legend, and was dead and gone. Yeats slotted Pearse as heir to Cuchulain in his mythic schema, and continued his intrinsically timeless and subjective quest, fusing Modernism, Romanticism – and Ireland – into his own poetic idiom.

So Cool Essay examples

So Cool Essay examples So Cool Essay examples By the year 1763, the relationship between the US colonies and Britain was strained at best. The people of America began to increasingly see themselves as independent people. During this time period, the British tried desperately to hold onto their investments in North America. They enforced new restrictions and taxes meant to subdue the restless colonies, who responded with new values and ideals that led to the eventually separation from Britain. By 1763, Britain had enforced several taxes in hopes of bringing the colonies back under their full control. This turned about to be a big mistake as it just encouraged the colonists to renew their struggle for complete independence. Around the same time, the French Indian war was coming to a close, and Britain was struggling with money. Both the Sugar and Stamp Acts were passed by Britain’s government, leading to higher taxes on sugar, molasses, and paper products. During this time the Sons and Daughters of Liberty were forme d and began the motions for an independent nation. Another act was eventually passed that pushed the tension to a breaking point. The Tea Act led to the call towards revolution. All in all, the British plan to gain control of the colonies again through various taxes didn’t work; instead, it managed to further alienate the colonies from England and its allies. Further restrictions were also placed on the colonists in order to regain British control. An example of this is the Proclamation of 1763, which prevented colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. Another enforcement of the British was the Quartering Act, which had colonists housing British soldiers against their will. Americans slowly began losing their rights to the British rule. People were sick of having to bow down fully to the British crown. They began to shape their values towards independence, freedom, and equality. This led to a call to

Independence Day Essay Example

Independence Day Essay Example Independence Day Essay Independence Day Essay Independence Day (India) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fifteenth of August redirects here. For other uses, see August 15. Independence Day The national flag of India, on the Red fort in New Delhi; a common sight on public and private buildings on national holidays like the 15th of August. Also called The Fifteenth of August (Hindi) ( ) (Hindi) Observed by India Type National Significance The day India became independent from British rule. Date August 15 Celebrations Flag hoisting, Parades, Singing patriotic songs, Speech by hePrime Minister, Family reunions,Picnics, Kite flying Independence Day of India is celebrated on Fifteenth of August (8/15/47) to commemorate its independence from British rule and its birth as a sovereignnation in 1947. [1] The day is a national holiday in India. All over the country, flag-hoisting ceremonies are conducted by the local administration inattendance. The main event takes place in New Delhi, the capital city of India, where the Prime Min ister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and deliversa nationally televised speech from its ramparts. In his speech, he highlights the achievements f his government during the past year, raises important issues and gives a call for further development. The Prime Minister also pays his tribute to leaders of the freedom struggle. The Prime Minister also declares holiday on 15 August. Contents [hide] 1 Backgrou nd 2 Celebrati ons 3 See also 4 Referenc es 5 External links [edit]Background In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native orces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India,[2][3] decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948. As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the pr ovinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than seven months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Pandit Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, B. R. Ambedkar and Master Tara Singh agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. Many millions of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu refugees trekked across the newly drawn borders. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhis presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, anywhere between 50,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence. [4] On 14 August 1947, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnahsworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi. At the stroke of midnight, as India moved into August 15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, read out the famous Tryst with destiny spee ch proclaiming Indias independence. India, now a smaller Union of India, became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of the first prime minister, and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, staying on as its irst Governor General. [edit]Celebrations This section requires expansion. The Indian flag at Delhi Gate The Prime Minister of India hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site, Red Fort ( ), Delhi, on August 15. This is telecasted live on the National Channel Doordarshan and many other News Channels all over India. Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs take place in all the state capitals. In the cities around the country the national flag is hoisted by politicians in their constituencies. In various private organisations the flag hoisting is carried out by a senior official of that organisation. All over the country, flags are given out to citizens who wear them proudly to show their patriotism towards India. Schools and colleges around the country organise flag hoisting ceremonies and various tural events within their premises, where younger children in costume do impersonations of their favourite characters of the Independence era. They also have a parade. Families and friends get together for lunch or dinner or for an outing. Housing colonies, cultural centres, clubs and societies hold entertainment programs and competitions, usually based on the Independence Day theme. Most national and regional television channels screen old and new film classics with patriotic themes on Independence Day. Many non-governmental organizations telecast patriotic programs. It is a national festival that is celebrated by every Indian irrespective of religion. 15 , 1947 1857 ? 1830 . , 15 . 15 , . ( ) 15 ( ) ( ) . 15 , , , , , 1947 (8/15/47) . [1 ] . , . , , hoists . , ? . . 15 . [hide] 1 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 [ ] 1946 , , ? , , ? , [2] [3 ] , , . , . , , , , . 1947 , , , , , . , . , . , , , , tempers assuaged , . , 250,000 500,000 . [4] 14 1947, ? , . 15 , 1947 , independence. India, , , , . [ ] . hoists , ( ), , 15 . . . . . , . , impersonations . . . , , , . . . .

Peace Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Peace Corp - Essay Example This was related to what we were engaged in at home (Kirk 53). The team comprised of persons who were IT enthusiasts. Unlike the friends in Africa, it was something I had encountered previously. Having engaged in communication processes during my earlier schooling endeavors, it was easy to help this young people enhance their skills in technology. I benefited greatly from this program. To begin with, I had the opportunity to work in an exceedingly remote region with no tapped water, electricity, and appropriate shelter. The roads in the villages were in a poor state. As a result, we had to stride stretched distances to amass information from youth projects deep in the countryside (Kirk 52). This made me tough thus acknowledging varied cultures and ethnic associations. Academically, I had the opportunity to teach IT skills to people who failed to comprehend such concerns. Evidently, I gained a lot from this through learning how to tackle problems together. Peace Corp offers a chance for people to engage in processes that help the neglected. As such, it builds personalities and enhances

Take home question Financial Markets of Latin American Essay

Take home question Financial Markets of Latin American - Essay Example However, they -as well as other emerging markets as China or Eastern Europe- appear to be overcoming this crisis much better than more mature markets as USA or the European Union. Some analysts explain that this fact is due to these countries costume and tradition of facing continuous tensions and crisis, situation that have led them to develop "overcoming mechanisms"2. According to Manuel Romera, the Latin-American countries have few to fear from this situation, since they are "those countries that are the most used to difficult and tension moments, being so the most prepared to overcome the crisis". I coincide with this hypothesis because, to my mind, if during the coming decades these countries are able to achieve solid organisational models to simultaneously stimulate innovation and efficiency, it would be seen how theses economies experiment unknown levels of development. It should be beard in mind that Latin-American economies are rich in natural resources and primary materials (resources more and more precious in such a shortage world, characterised by a frantic economic growth). Nevertheless, and once the risk of contagion is being avoided, let's remark some other facts that condition the S

Global market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Global market - Essay Example Every profession including health care can be wide and vast and in order for one to understand and gain experience, they need more than what is learnt in the class. Throughout this essay, in order to protect the identities of people, trust and clinical setting involved confidentiality will be maintained with omission of names (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2015) Practice based learning is when a group of nursing staff and lecturers work collaboratively to make a significant contribution to supporting student learning and assessment within a designated clinical area (Chapple and Aston (2004). It provides the opportunity to link theory into practice and promote professional development (Koh, 2002). Practice based learning is very crucial in the profession of nursing due to the vocational nature of work and necessity of assessing clinical competency and protecting the public. By doing so, it ensures all student nurses achieved all the NMC standards and criteria/ objectives, before ensuring they are fit for practice/ registration (NMC 2004). In practicing health care, there is need to have a mentor who will guide the prospecting practitioner with vast experience. Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008 defines a mentor as an individual who is registered and has completed the NMC approved mentor preparation programme and has acquired the skills, knowledge and competence needed to meet the defined outcomes. As a mentor, an individual has a key role to play in ensuring that they guide new and potential practitioners as they go through transition. Their roles include; The mentor has the role of organizing as well as coordinating the students learning activities in the health care practice. The mentors play vital roles in ensuring that various students’ learning activities particularly in the healthcare sector are organized and well coordinated. Also, mentors have a role in supervising students in learning circumstances.

Retrenchment Strategy Essay Example for Free

Retrenchment Strategy Essay Since the beginning of the US financial crisis in 2007, regulators in the United States and Europe have been frustrated by the difficulty in identifying the risk exposures at the largest and most levered financial institutions. Yet, at the time, it was unclear how such data might have been used to make the financial system safer. This paper is an attempt to show simple ways in which this information can be used to understand how deleveraging scenarios could play out. To do so the authors develop and test a model to analyze financial sector stability under different configurations of leverage and risk exposure across banks. They then apply the model to the largest financial institutions in Europe, focusing on banks exposure to sovereign bonds and using the model to evaluate a number of policy proposals to reduce systemic risk. When analyzing the European banks in 2011, they show how a policy of targeted equity injections, if distributed appropriately across the most systemic banks, can significantly reduce systemic risk. The approach in this paper fits into, and contributes to, a growing literature on systemic risk. Key concepts include: * This model can simulate the outcome of various policies to reduce fire sale spillovers in the midst of a crisis. * Size caps, or forced mergers among the most exposed banks, do not reduce systemic risk very much. * However, modest equity injections, if distributed appropriately between the most systemic banks, can cut the vulnerability of the banking sector to deleveraging by more than half. * The model can be adapted to monitor vulnerability on a dynamic basis using factor exposures. About Faculty in this Article: Robin Greenwood is a Professor in the Finance unit at Harvard Business School. * Author Abstract When a bank experiences a negative shock to its equity, one way to return to target leverage is to sell assets. If asset sales occur at depressed prices, then one banks sales may impact other banks with common exposures, resulting in contagion. We propose a simple framework that accounts for how this effect adds up across the banking sector. Our framework explains how the distribution of bank leverage and risk exposures contributes to a form of systemic risk. We compute bank exposures to system-wide deleveraging, as well as the spillover of a single banks deleveraging onto other banks. We show how our model can be used to evaluate a variety of crisis interventions, such as mergers of good and bad banks and equity injections. We apply the framework to European banks vulnerable to sovereign risk in 2010 and 2011.

Similarities Between Iranian And Malaysian Culture Religion Essay

Similarities Between Iranian And Malaysian Culture Religion Essay In this document some similarities between Iranian and Malaysian culture have been illustrated. Since both Iran and Malaysia are Muslim countries, there are many similarities between Iranian and Malaysian culture. For example I start with the Malaysian and Iranian universities. All of the universities in Iran are Islamic universities while there are a few none Islamic universities in Malaysia. There is a mosque in all Iranian universities which is located at the center of the university. Recently Iranian Islamic government has decided to separate males and females in the universities in which some universities only register males and other universities only register females. I dont think separating males and females in the university be a good idea because in this situation boys and girls wont be able to see each other and choose their future partner but in Malaysian universities boys and girls have the opportunity to make friend to each other and select their future partner. There are 3 different type of mosques in Malaysia namely Vernacular Mosques, Colonial Mosques, Modern Mosques. The third model is very similar to Iranian mosques and the following is a brief description of Modern Mosques in Malaysia: Many local architects were involved in the design of new mosques in Malaysia since independence. The architectural styles of the modern mosques have changed gradually in parallel with the development in structural advances, construction methods, contemporary designs of mosques as well as increased local interests toward Islamic architecture. With the advent of science and technology, modern mosques are constructed in a larger scale to accommodate the increasing number of Friday congregations. Concrete, bricks, steel, stone and marble are commonly used in the construction of modern mosques. Onion-shaped or top-shaped domes, tall minarets and high ceilings are common features found in the modern mosques. The modern mosques usually incorporate well-designed landscape elements including plants, water features, patterned pavements, garden lightings and signages. The Putra Mosque in the early morning The architectural styles of the modern mosque can be classified into two categories. The first category is the modern styles which emphasise the advancement in building technology and engineering. For example, the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur has a minaret of 245 feet in height and an umbrella-like roof. The mosque was constructed of reinforced concrete faced with Italian marble. Its main prayer hall can accommodate more than 3,000 people for prayer at one time whilst its surrounding galleries, topped with numerous small domes, can hold an additional of 5,000 people. The mosque also has a number of rooms used for various functions such as a library, offices, royal guest rooms, Imams room and store rooms. The second category of modern mosque is the Islamic influences which incorporate the styles of many mosques found in Islamic countries including Turkey, the Middle East and Northern Africa. For instance, the design and colour of the Sultan Abdul Aziz Mosque in Shah Alam, Selangor was reflective of the infamous Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The mosque has four high minarets at the four corners of the building surrounded by well-kept landscape. Another example is the white-colour Ibai Mosque at Kuala Terengganu which was built on water and its architecture bears a resemblance to the Northern African mosque. Examples of modern mosques with modern structures are Sultan Ahmad I Mosque, Kuantan, Pahang (1964), National Mosque, Kuala Lumpur (1965), State Mosque, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (1967), State Mosque, Kangar, Perlis (1972), Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque, Ipoh, Perak (1978), State Mosque, Penang (1980) and KLCC Mosque, Kuala Lumpur (1998). Examples of modern mosques with Islamic influence are Al-Malik Khalid Mosque, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang (1975), Sultan Abdul Aziz Mosque, Shah Alam, Selangor (1989) and Ibai Mosque of Kampung Cendering, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu (1994). 2-2 Iran From Cordoba to Delhi, from Sarajevo to the Niger, the mosque (masjid in Persian and Arabic) or house of prayer is the outstanding symbol of Islam, the focus of worship, and contemplation, the meeting place of man with man, and of man with God. Its forms are more varied and its uses more widespread than those of the Christian cathedral or church. While primarily a place of worship, it is also an assembly hall, often a religious college, sometimes a court of .justice, even, to some extent, a poor mans club. The majority of Iranian mosques conform, in whole or in part, to a plan that in Iran must be regarded as the norm. It consists of a an open central court, sometimes large enough to be planted with trees or flowers, with a large portal or ivan, on the side facing towards Mecca, which leads into a domed sanctuary. On the other three sides of the court there are arcades and altars and in the center of each side another, though smaller, ivan. To the left and right of the sanctuary there may be arcaded halls, and in addition balconies (often reserved for the use of women worshippers) from which a view of the mihrab can be obtained. In the grander mosques the south ivan, leading into the sanctuary, and sometimes also the north ivan, which is frequently the main entrance to the mosque. Minarets: The earliest minarets were square, at least in their lower stories, but few of these survive in Iran today. The round minaret originated in north-east Iran and was built of brick, tapering towards the summit. Until at least the thirteenth century, minarets were almost invariably single and placed in the north comer of the mosque. Since the fifteenth century minarets have generally been covered with mosaic or colored tiles, in the taste of the period. In general, Iran, compared with, say, Turkey; is markedly deficient in minarets. Only at Esfahan do they occupy a prominent place in the landscape. Shrines: Nearly every town in Iran has its quota of shrines, and the village or wayside shrines are a recurring feature of the Iranian landscape. In general they are modest, circular, four-sided or octagonal buildings, surmounted by a cone or dome. Many have charm but no great architectural merit; the famous shrines, rambling structures which have received additions from generations of the devout, are among the most splendid, and in some cases the most opulent, buildings in Iran. The lesser shrines, unlike the mosques, have a distinct re2jonal character. Tombs: Secular tombs fall into two clearly marked architectural categories -the domed mausoleum and the tomb tower. The former has certain affinities with the larger shrine. It is frequently octagonal rising through squinches and galleries into a circular dome. It is built for show, inside and out. meant to be visited. the last resting place of a chieftain who may have had no claim to sainthood, but expected to be duly revered when he was dead. Tomb towers, which are mainly confined to northern Iran. were conceived in a different spirit. They were gaunt, remote, solitary resting places, not meant to be frequented by admirers in generations to come. Palaces: There are substantial remains of Achaemenian and Sassanian palaces, impressive both in size and in detail, some of which, as at Persepolis, have been almost miraculously preserved; but when all is said they are ruins. Of Seljuk and Mongol royal residences, however, all trace has disappeared. It is only from Safavid times that royal houses have survived intact, and even then the crop is disappointing. For practical purposes, Safavid palaces are confined to Esfahan. Bridges: More essential for the maintenance of communications than caravansaries, the building of bridges, which where both sturdy and a pleasure to the eye, continued until recently. Well-constructed hump-backed bridges of ancient dates are to be found in many parts of the country -the outstanding examples of which you will see at Esfahan: the Allah Verdi Khan (1629) and the Khaju (1660). These two mighty structures are among the most impressive monuments in Esfahan, and are two of the most remarkable bridges in the world, of their kind, and still in service. MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND KINSHIP 3-1 Malaysia Since both Iran and Malaysia are Muslim countries, marriage in both countries are influence by Islam therefore there are many similarities between these two countries. The following shows the marriage in the Malaysian style and then marriage in the Iranian style will be illustrated after that. Marriage. Even with significant changes in marriage practices, weddings reveal the sharp differences in Malaysian society. There are two ways to marry: registering the union with the government; and joining in marriage before a religious authority. Christian Malaysians may marry Buddhists or Hindus answering only to their families and beliefs; Muslim Malaysians who marry non-Muslims risk government sanction unless their partner converts to Islam. Marriage practices emphasize Malaysias separate ethnic customs. Indians and Chinese undertake divination rites in search of compatibility and auspicious dates, while Malays have elaborate gift exchanges. Malay wedding feasts are often held in the home, and feature a large banquet with several dishes eaten over rice prepared in oil (to say one is going to eat oiled rice means that a wedding is imminent). Many Chinese weddings feature a multiple-course meal in a restaurant or public hall, and most Indian ceremonies include intricate rituals. S ince married partners join families as well as individuals, the meeting between prospective in-laws is crucial to the success of the union. For most Malaysians marriage is a crucial step toward adulthood. Although the average age for marriage continues to increase, being single into ones thirties generates concern for families and individuals alike. The social importance of the institution makes interethnic marriage an issue of considerable stress. Domestic Unit. Malaysian households have undergone a tremendous transformation following the changes in the economy. The shift from agricultural commodities to industrial production has made it difficult for extended families to live together. Yet as family mobility expands, as a result of modern schedules, efforts to maintain kin ties also increase. Improved telecommunications keep distant kin in contact, as does the efficient transportation network. A dramatic example of this occurs on the major holidays when millions return to hometowns for kin reunions. Inheritance. The critical issue of inheritance is land. With the importance Malays place on land ownership, it is rarely viewed as a commodity for sale, and the numerous empty houses that dot the Malaysian landscape are testament to their absentee-owners unwillingness to sell. Gold is also a valuable inheritance; Malaysians from all groups readily turn extra cash into gold as a form of insurance for the future. Kin Groups. The crucial kin distinctions in Malaysian culture are between ethnic groups, which tend to limit intermarriage. Among the majority of Malays, kin groups are more horizontal than vertical, meaning that siblings are more important than ancestors. Those considered Malay make appropriate marriage partners; non-Malays do not. These distinctions are somewhat flexible, however, and those that embrace Islam and follow Malay customs are admitted as potential Malay marriage partners. Greater flexibility in kinship practices also appears among immigrant groups amid the fresh possibilities created by diasporic life. A striking example is the Baba community, Chinese who immigrated prior to British rule and intermarried with locals, developing their own hybrid language and cultural style. These dynamics point to the varied kinship arrangements possible between the different ethnic communities in Malaysian society. 3-2 Iran Marriage. In Iran women control marriages for their children, and much intrigue in domestic life revolves around marital matters. A mother is typically on the lookout for good marriage prospects at all times. Even if a mother is diffident about marriage brokering, she is obliged to clear the path for a marriage proposal. She does this by letting her counterpart in the other family know that a proposal is forthcoming, or would be welcome. She then must confer with her husband, who makes the formal proposal in a social meeting between the two families. This kind of background work is essential, because once the children are married, the two families virtually merge, and have extensive rights and obligations vis-Ã ¡-vis each other that are close to a sacred duty. It is therefore extremely important that the families be certain that they are compatible before the marriage takes place. Marriage within the family is a common strategy, and a young man of marriageable age has an absolute right of first refusal for his fathers brothers daughter-his patrilateral parallel cousin. The advantages for the families in this kind of marriage are great. They already know each other and are tied into the same social networks. Moreover, such a marriage serves to consolidate wealth from the grandparents generation for the family. Matrilateral cross-cousin marriages are also common, and exceed parallel-cousin marriages in urban areas, due perhaps to the wifes stronger influence in family affairs in cities. Although inbreeding would seem to be a potential problem, the historical preference for marriage within the family continues, waning somewhat in urban settings where other considerations such as profession and education play a role in the choice of a spouse. In 1968, 25 percent of urban marriages, 31 percent of rural marriages, and 51 percent of tribal marriages were reported as endogamous. These percentages appear to have increased somewhat following the Revolution. In Iran today a love match with someone outside of the family is clearly not at all impossible, but even in such cases, except in the most westernized families, the family visitation and negotiation must be observed. Traditional marriages involve a formal contract drawn up by a cleric. In the contract a series of payments are specified. The bride brings a dowry to the marriage usually consisting of household goods and her own clothing. A specified amount is written into the contract as payment for the woman in the event of divorce. The wife after marriage belongs to her husbands household and may have difficulty visiting her relatives if her husband does not approve. Nevertheless, she retains her own name, and may hold property in her own right, separate from her husband. The wedding celebration is held after the signing of the contract. It is really a prelude to the consummation of the marriage, which takes place typically at the end of the evening, or, in rural areas, at the end of several days celebration. In many areas of Iran it is still important that the bride be virginal, and the bedsheets are carefully inspected to ensure this. A wise mother gives her daughter a vial of chicken blood just in case. The new couple may live with their relatives for a time until they can set up their own household. This is more common in rural than in urban areas. Iran is an Islamic nation, and polygyny is allowed. It is not widely practiced, however, because Iranian officials in this century have followed the Islamic prescription that a man taking two wives must treat them with absolute equality. Women in polygynous marriages hold their husbands to this and will seek legal relief if they feel they are disadvantaged. Statistics are difficult to ascertain, but one recent study claims that only 1 percent of all marriages are polygynous. Divorce is less common in Iran than in the West. Families prefer to stay together even under difficult circumstances, since it is extremely difficult to disentangle the close network of interrelationships between the two extended families of the marriage pair. One recent study claims that the divorce rate is 10 percent in Iran. For Iranians moving to the United States the rate is 66 percent, suggesting that cultural forces tend to keep couples from separating. Children of a marriage belong to the father. After a divorce, men assume custody of boys over three years and girls over seven. Women have been known to renounce their divorce payment in exchange for custody of their children. There is no impediment to remarriage with another partner for either men or women. Domestic Unit. In traditional Iranian rural society the dinner cloth often defines the minimal family. Many branches of an extended family may live in rooms in the same compound. However, they may not all eat together on a daily basis. Sons and their wives and children are often working for their parents in anticipation of a birthright in the form of land or animals. When they receive this, they will leave and form their own separate household. In the meantime they live in their parents compound, but have separate eating and sleeping arrangements. Even after they leave their parents home, members of extended families have widespread rights to hospitality in the homes of even their most distant relations. Indeed, family members generally carry out most of their socializing with each other. Inheritance. Inheritance generally follows rules prescribed by Islamic law. Male children inherit full shares of their fathers estate, wives and daughters half-shares. An individual may make a religious bequest of specific goods or property that are then administered by the ministry of waqfs. Kin Groups. The patriarch is the oldest male of the family. He demands respect from other family members and often has a strong role in the future of young relatives. In particular it is common for members of an extended family to spread themselves out in terms of professions and influence. Some will go into government, others into the military, perhaps others join the clergy, and some may even become anti-government oppositionists. Families will attempt to marry their children into powerful families as much for their own sake as for the son or daughter. The general aim for the family is to extend its influence into as many spheres as possible. As younger members mature, older members of the family are expected to help them with jobs, introductions, and financial support. This is not considered corrupt or nepotistic, but is seen rather as one of the benefits of family membership.